This second phase appears to have been driven mainly by the high price commanded by king crabs around the world (around US$ 18/kg FOB in 2011) and the resulting increased fishing effort ( ∼1000%). We identified: (i) a first early phase of the SKC fishery with landings of around 200 t annually, and (ii) a second phase characterized by increased landings ( ∼1000 t annually), an increased number of boats and fishing trips, the offshore expansion of fishing zones, and a decreasing trend in yields. In this study, we analyzed data from landings collected by the government (Sernapesca), and monitoring data collected by the Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP). Since 2010, the SKC fishery has increased its landing range in the Chilean inner sea from ∼41°S to ∼47°S and expanded its offshore fishing areas. The southern king crab (SKC) ( Lithodes santolla) represents an important fishery in South America, which in Chile has traditionally been developed south of 47°S. However, we found only evidence for aragonite precipitated by coral tissue, without evidence for an involvement of mucus in the calcification. Based on prior knowledge on the symbiotic relationship between CWCs and the polychaete Eunice norvegica, an involvement of mucus in the calcification of the parchment tubes had been suspected. The fact that no significant difference in microstructures, variations in growth rate, or geochemical composition between the corallite theca and the calcified polychaete tube was detectable leads to the conclusion that both have been deposited by the coral tissue in L. oculata and the geochemistry along the contact surfaces with calcified polychaete tubes is undertaken to provide additional information on the mechanisms of biomineralisation in colonial corals. Here a novel approach, comparing the calcification patterns within the coral microstructure of species L. However, understanding the mechanisms of carbonate precipitation is a prerequisite to interpret variations in geochemical signatures locked into the skeleton during coral growth to date results are still inconclusive. The scleractinian cold-water corals (CWCs), including the species Madrepora oculata and especially Lophelia pertusa, have been studied extensively in an attempt to decipher environmental signals recorded during biomineralisation in order to extract environmental chronologies. tulipa spat collection, hence, their use is recommended for large-scale C. Ceramic tiles and PVC slats were the most effective materials for C. The effectiveness of collectors correlated positively with dissolved oxygen. tulipa spat on under-horizontal surfaces, mean (S.E.) 9.88 ± 0.5 mm, compared to upper-horizontal surfaces, mean (S.E.) 5.99 ± 0.5 mm, of the collectors suggest earlier settlement on the undersides. tulipa spat on the collectors, suggesting that under-horizontal surfaces were more attractive to C. In a separate experiment, a change of orientation from “Face down”/0° to “Face up”/180° did not change the observed profuse under-horizontal settlement of C. tulipa spatfall than upper-horizontal surfaces in the main experiment ( P < 0.01). The under-horizontal surfaces of collectors, had significantly more C.

Spat collection with 2 mm nylon mesh was not successful. Coconut shell consistently had the least C. This settlement was not significantly different from settlement on PVC slats ( P > 0.05) with the highest settlement in Densu Delta (2880 ± 294 spat m −2). Ceramic tile had the highest mean monthly spat settlement in the Narkwa Lagoon (3451 ± 206 spat m −2), Benya Lagoon (1769 ± 145 spat m −2) and Whin Estuary (373.1 ± 52.4 spat m −2). tulipa spat from the Densu Delta, Narkwa Lagoon, Benya Lagoon and Whin Estuary, along the coast of Ghana from November 2017 to October 2018. We assessed the effectiveness of five substrates (coconut shell, oyster shell, nylon mesh, PVC, and ceramic tile) for harvesting C. The current background information to support this venture is, however, inadequate. The West African mangrove oyster, Crassostrea tulipa (Lamarck, 1819), has the potential to improve global shellfish food production and is being considered for commercial farming in many countries in West Africa.

Oyster spat growin